Political Theory of John Locke Essay - 1189 Words

John Locke: Account of Political Society What would the American government be like today if it was not for the mind and political theory of John Locke? Some historians and philosophers believe that without John Locke our government would only be a shadow of what it is today. Arguably, one of his most important political and philosophical works was his Two Treatises of Government. There he argues that the function of the state is to protect the natural rights of its citizens, primarily to protect the right to property. John Locke, in many eyes, can be viewed as one of the father’s of Democracy. He embraced many of ideas in his theories on the state of nature and the rise of political society today. In Locke’s political society,†¦show more content†¦This in essence means that all members of the society should be equal under the law of justice, and that no man is better than another, since all men are created equal, and all are equal before the laws of nature. â€Å"Everyone as he is bound to p reserve himself, and not quit his station willfully; so by the like reason when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind, and may not unless it be to do justice on an offender, take any, or impair the life, or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb or goods of another,† (Locke pg 117, 6). That means that no individual has the right to take away the rights of another. As a result, if a person commits a crime, the people have a right to punish him. For example, if one man kills another mans sheep, then the people have the right to kill one of his sheep without committing a crime. Besides the right to self-preservation, Locke also believed that all individuals had a natural right to property, â€Å"the labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are property his,† (pg. 128, 27). This natural right carried with it two preconditions of natural law. First, si nce God gave the earth to all individuals, people must be sure to leave enough property for others to have, the secondShow MoreRelatedThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Political Theories Essay2061 Words   |  9 PagesAnalyzing Thomas Hobbes and John Locke’s Political Theories and Justifying if these Governmental Officials Have Legitimate Reason To Hold Secrets from the Public Systems of government across the globe are utilized to various extents. Similarly to John Locke’s vision of government, the United States stands by a system of representative democracy. This means that our government highly values that the people of a society hold the power of where the direction of their state goes through electing officialsRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreComparison between Two Political Thinkers and and their Understanding of Private Property1464 Words   |  6 Pages Political theories have been collected throughout history, and often shine light and cause debate surrounding the positions of common socio-political themes and topics. When studying political theory, it is important to recognize the philosopher behind the written work, and comprehend why they reflect the political beliefs that they do. This paper will compare and contrast two of the most noted and in fluential political thinkers and their understanding of private property. The first theory is foundRead More Pateman On Locke Essays1259 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern society. John Locke was among those who advocated this theory of a collectively chosen set of circumstances. Carole Pateman, on the other hand rejects many of the pillars of the social contract and specifically attacks certain aspects of Lockes argument regarding paternalism and patriarchy. Pateman defends her idea that the individual about which Locke writes is masculine, instead of the gender-encompassing form of the word quot;man.quot; Pateman also argues that Locke denies the individualityRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment. In order to run a proper political system, one must know how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed inRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the two basic figuresRead MoreAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The Two Treatises of Government became the most influential pieces of work that John Locke had created during theRead MoreSocial Contract Theory of John Locke Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Contract Theory of John Locke Given the honored and extensive authority that the social contract theory upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The view that people’s ethical and political responsibilities are reliant upon a contract between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a prominent truth-seeker among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognizedRead MoreThe Inspiration of the Declaration of Independence1203 Words   |  5 PagesJefferson wrote the famous Declaration of Independence. One of the great philosophers that Thomas Jefferson followed was John Locke. John Locke was a British philosopher who was known for his liberal anti-authoritarian theory of state, his empirical theory of knowledge, his advocacy of religious toleration, and his theory of personal identity. When Locke was developing one of his theories which was to obey the state, he was able to make sense of when starting from an initial state of nature with no governmentRead MoreWhy John Locke is the Greatest Philosopher of all Time1413 Words   |  6 PagesWhy John Locke is the Greatest Philosopher of all Time John Locke was a British philosopher and physician who lived from 29th August 1632 to 28th October 1704. He is one of the most outstanding of enlightenment thinkers, who explained many of the ideas that affect human life in today’s society. He is widely known as the father of classical liberalism, because of his emphases on liberty of persons by, restricting the authority of the government Jenkins and John (18). He is also regarded as one the

The Tribe Not Only Kidnapped Mary Rowlandson - 1263 Words

Landcaster was burning, kidnapping was occurring, and men were being gutted, all because of King Phillip’s War. The Native Americans are the ones who set flames to Rowlandson’s life. The tribe not only kidnapped Mary Rowlandson, but her three kids as well. This tragedy is what inspired Rowlandson to start writing and becoming a famous known American author. The beginning of Mary White Rowlandson’s life started in the year of 1637. She was born in Somerset England. A little ways down the road of her life, Rowlandson’s parents brought her to the Massachusetts colonies. In fact, Mary Rowlandson’s father was known to be one of the wealthiest men in the colony. Rowlandson’s Father was named John White, and her mother was named Joan White. Together, this couple had ten children, making Rowlandson six out of her nine other siblings. There was ten of them in total. Later on, Rowlandson got married to man by the name of Joseph Rowlandson. Mr. Rowlands on was priest for puritan thoughts and beliefs. Joseph Rowlandson also had a very good education. He attended Harvard University. Due to Joseph Rowlandson attending such a great school, he helped his wife write and become well educated. (This isn’t actual factual, it’s just a possibility due to there no being actual information on where Mary Rowlandson gained knowledge and education on how to write.) Mr. and Mrs. Rowlandson created four children together. Two of their children were killed in their early stages of life. One ofShow MoreRelated Compare Contrast Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthings that make up a piece of literature. For example: choice of diction, modes of discourse, and figurative language. Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano were great examples of authors that used these elements of literature. There are similarities and differences in A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and From Af rica to America. Though Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano shared similarities in experiences, they had different writing personalities, purposes, attitudesRead MoreCompare/Contrast Writers1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthings that make up a piece of literature. For example: choice of diction, modes of discourse, and figurative language. Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano were great examples of authors that used these elements of literature. There are similarities and differences in A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and From Africa to America. Though Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano shared similarities in experiences, they had different writing personalities, purposes, attitudesRead MoreMary Rowlandsons Story Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesMary Rowlandson was captured from her home in Lancaster, Massachusetts by Wampanoag Indians during King Phillip’s War. She was held captive for several months. When she was released she penned her story, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. During much of her story she refers to the Indians as savage beasts and heathens but at times seems admire them and appreciate their treatment of her. Mary Rowlandson has a varying view of her Indian captors because she experienced

Data Analysis And The Business Intelligence - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Data Analysis And The Business Intelligence. Answer: Calculation: The analysis is based on the believe of association of types of phone used (Hand-held, Hand-free and Neither) and Driver Gender (Male and Female). To test the theoretical assertion, total 17044 samples were undertaken. The two types of variables are undertaken here, where distribution of both types of variables are unknown. Therefore, we apply chi-square test for testing independence or association between these two non-parametric tests. The researcher decides the test statistic 2 for inferential statistic of non-parametric test. Driver Gender Type of phone used Hand-held Hands-free Neither Total % % % Count Male 1.3 0.4 98.3 10068 Female 0.5 0.4 99.1 6976 We consider the hypotheses at pre-assigned level. Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no association between types of phone used and gender of driver. Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is an association between types of phone used and gender of driver. Locate the critical region or regions. The chi-square test is a non-parametric test. Hence, it is not based on any parameters such as proportions or averages. We are trying to perform a chi-square test based on the given data. One-tail test would be used here. Compute the statistic. Calculating the row and column totals, we get- Driver Gender Type of phone used Hand-held Hands-free Neither Total % % % Count Male 131 40 9897 10068 Female 35 28 6913 6976 Total 166 68 16810 17044 Calculating Chi-square test statistic: Expected Frequency Table Driver Gender Type of phone used Hand-held Hands-free Neither Total % % % Count Male 98 40 9930 10068 Female 68 28 6880 6976 Total 166 68 16810 17044 O E (O-E) (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E 131 98 33 1089 11.11224 40 40 0 0 0 9897 9930 -33 1089 0.109668 35 68 -33 1089 16.01471 28 28 0 0 0 6913 6880 33 1089 0.158285 Sum 27.3949 Deciding the conclusion about acceptance or rejection The sum of chi-square values is 27.3949. The calculated degrees of freedom = (number of columns -1)*(number of rows 1) = (3-1)*(2-1) = 2*1 = 2. According to the chi-square distribution table, the critical value for 2 degrees of freedom at 5% significance level is 5.99. Since, our test statistic (chi-square value) 27.3949 5.99, it lies inside the critical region. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected at 5% significance level (=0.05). Conclusion: There is an association between types of phones used and gender of driver at 5% level of significance. The output is found to be significant. The two factors types of phones used and gender of driver are dependent to each other.

Supply Chain Case Study Zara Essay Example

Supply Chain Case Study: Zara Paper Zaras Supply Chain Case Study Zara Abstract The competition of current clothing industry is very fierce and Zara has many competitive advantages in this competition. This paper will analyze on about how the information technology help Zara to make decisions and make their performance more speed. First, a case review from Harvard Business Review will be covered in the introduction to show an overview of current Zaras business model. Second is the Michael Porters model analysis based on Zara that including three generic strategies and five forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Case Study: Zara specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Case Study: Zara specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Case Study: Zara specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Third, some of IT applications are really help the Zara to make their usiness more efficient, the applications will be applied in the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) will emphasize a speed supply chain for Zara, and Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Finally is about the relationship between Zara and Peter Druckers theory, Zara and Andrew McAfees theory, Zara and Heys theory. The last part will conclude where is Zara today and make brief recommendations. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Zara and Michael Porters Model 5 Generic Competitive Strategies Analysis for Zara 5 Five Forces Analysis for Zara 6 Suppliers Bargaining Power 6 Buyer Bargaining Power 7 Threat of New Entrants 7 Threat of Substitute 8 Industrial Competitors 9 The Value Chain of Zara 10 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 11 Supply Chain Management (SCM) 11 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 13 Zara and Peter Druckers theory 13 Zara and Andrew McAfees theory 14 Zara and Tony Heys Theory 1 5 Conclusion 16 Recommendations 16 Appendix 18 References 19 Introduction Inditex is a largest fashion ground in Spain and owns 9 brands around the world, such as Zara, Massimo Dutti, Bershka and so on. Zara is the most successful brand or the Inditex group. The data from Harvard Business Review shows that Zaras sale revenues Is aoout 3 Y/3M Euros (aoout 4 Inditexs sale revenues at the beginning of 2003 (Mcafee, Dessain SJoman, 2007). The last update of Inditex official website shows that there are 1,603 Zara stores around the worlds in 2011 (Inditex, 2011). Zara became so famous today due to their fast fashion. In other words, Zara can design a new product and deliver it to the store all over the world in only two weeks (Tiplady, 2006). The case Zara: IT for fast fashion which from Harvard Business Review analyzed ore details about the basic model of Zara business, the operation process, and IT development. The first idea came up with Zara business is get the information or request from the customer, and then link with the design center and manufacture, finally link the manufacture to the distribution. The operation processes are operating with a group called commercials and the process as follows. First, the store managers directly order the items from La Coruna. Second, another group is responsible to fulfill the orders that they put these finished goods together and shop it to the stores. The last group is design and manufacturing. Zara has a large design group, which has more then 200 cloth designers and no one is senior cloth designer. Zara has their own factories and other outsourcing factories to do the manufacture requirement. For the IT development, Zara is not due with couple of days, but they experienced many years to research and improve their Information Technology system (Mcafee, Dessain sjoman, 2007). Zara and Michael Porters Model Generic Competitive Strategies Analysis for Zara According to the Michael Porters Model represent that there are three generic ompetitive strategies in the current business world that are overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategy and every firm have to select one of these three strategies to apply to their firms as their leading strategy (Porter Millar, 1985). Zara has applied all these three strategies to their business, and each of strategy is actually help Zara to gain the competitive advantage. Zara has many ways to lower their cost such as the raw material and production line. For the raw material, 50% fabric that Zara buy it as original fabric and cut and dye the color by their own factory. Intditex has one subsidiary company that called Comditel and it provide most of fabric to Zara, the volume is more than other 200 suppliers who provide other raw materials for Zara. On the other hands, there are 85% of production processes working in their own factory where in the La Coruna. Compare with other competitors only have 0% 20%. So they can control manufacture cost through their in-house production (Ghemawat Nueno, 2006). Release new product for amazing pace and keep it low inventory is the main differentiation for Zara. Zara spend 30 million dollars to restructure the IT system, nd merger about 1200 manufacture firms as strategic alliance plus a big design group with about 200 designers to keep fast production line for Zara. These designers can call the copy edition members, because every time when the new fashion appeal in the published areas, such as Paris, New York, or Milan and so on, these designers will be able to copy the similar style and release it in only two weeks. I nese are tne OITTerent processes compare wltn otner competltors Based on Zaras differentiation strategy, their target market almost focus on young people who seeking the fresh style and also the relatively low cost. The main idea of Zara is let the ordinary people to enjoy the very new fashion with lower cost than some professional brand. For many consumers, they cannot image that they can wear high-grade brand because of high price, but Zara can give them similar experience (Ghemawat Nueno, 2006). Five Forces Analysis for Zara Suppliers Bargaining Power Zara has relatively superiority within negotiation power of suppliers. Zara has their own machine to cut the material and each computer-controlled machine can cut 1,000 layers at one time. Hence, Zara only need to send these cut materials to the sewing company. There are lots of choices for the current sewing companies, so the negotiation power of suppliers for Zara is very low. On the other hand, Zara always purchase the fabric with no colors, which means they dye the color by they are own, and the data shows they dye about 50% fabric in their own factory. As mentioned before, Intditex also owned a fabric company, which called Comditel. So this also can lower the bargaining power of fabric suppliers, because they can purchase the unprocessed fabric for many fabric companies or purchase it from subsidiary company (Chen, 2011). Buyer Bargaining Power Normally, the shopper always has more negotiation power when they shopping, for example, in the mall, there are so many choices for the most shoppers, but for Zaras customer may have lower bargaining power since Zara update their merchandise very fast. When people walking in the Zaras store, people had better to buy the clothes or other items if they like it at the first seeing, because it might gone in the next time. The Zaras customers also need to visit their stores more often since Zara always has new designs either for the totally new product or existing one (they might change or add new color within existing garment). Zara says they has about 11,000 new designs per year, compare with their competitors only have 2,000 4,000. They change the goods in about three or four weeks, and about 75% goods will be changed. They also has very low inventory and even their clothes will not be designed highly lasting. Fresh fashion always keeps in their mind and the Zaras shoppers also still live by this idea (Mcafee, Dessain SJoman, 2007). Threat of New Entrants Even though the current apparel industry be in fierce competition and it truly easy to start apparel business, but Zara still has low risk with most new entrants since they as efficient IT support. For any other new apparel companies do not have enough budgets to create or develop an efficient information technology system. The only thing they can that establishes a basic IT system to keep their business on track. On the other hand, even some new company has enough budgets to establishes a more professional IT department to support their daily business, but the point is that they do not have enough experiences to let it working with high efficient. In other words, the new company Just starts with new business and they ao not Know wnat wlll nappen In any processes, sucn as manuTacture department, upply chain management, or the sales in the any stores. Again, Zaras IT department was not created by one or two days, they experienced many situation for many years. Ever time when they found a problem or new function, they will fix it and add it to make their IT system working more efficient. Hence, Zara has more competitive advantage by their IT support and this also are the threat for the new entrants. (Chen, 2011). Threat of Substitute The customers of Zara are more focus on low-cost fashion that means customers will spend less money but enjoy the trendy garment, this point also makes Zara do not eally care about the threat of the substitute because they design and release the merchandise very fast. As Zara mentioned before, they can release new design and distribute to the store in only two weeks, in other words, they will has new items every single week. Therefore, even some of other competitors introduce the similar garment with Zara at the same time, but Zara may Just sold out and replenish by other new designs since they has very less inventory. The stocks of Zara always keep about 10% unsold and they replace the merchandise all the time rather than put the same merchandise in their stocks. In this point, even Zara do not need to care about the substitute from other competitors, but they still need to considering about the inferior goods of the product since the high quantity may not bring the high quality for them (Chen, 2011). Industrial Competitors The top four fashion chain firms in current world are Hennes and Maurizt HM from Sweden, Gap from USA, CA from Holland, Marks and Spencer from United Kingdom, and Inditex Zara from Spain. Compare with these five firms, HM is the major competitor for Zara based on the similar product definition. During 2001 to 2003, HM increase their stores about 40% all over the world, their sales revenue also increased by 60%, and their profit even increased 150% with additional 57 billion Swedish Krona. From the data also shows that there are 945 stores all over the world and there are 123 stores in Sweden and 822 stores in other countries in the beginning of 2004. For the Zaras parent company Inditex has 1,922 stores all over the world and covered by 48 countries. Their net sales revenue is about 4,598. million Euros in 2003 and Zara has about 70% sales revenue of Inditex with 3,219. 6 Euros and has 626 stores in 40 countries (Guercini Runfola, 2011). Hence, there is no big different if only compare with numbers of store between H and Zara. Both of them have wide sale approach, so their turnover and profit are two things that they need to consider with it. Based on their manufacture processes, Zara would like more in-house design and manufacture, these term are all working in the La Cor una. Compare with H, most of production processes of H are outsourcing (almost 99%). H produce their product in many low labor cost countries, such as China, India, or Africa. So the retail price will be lower than Zara (Tiplady, 2006). On the other hands, Zara spend very less budget with their advertising, is about 0. 3% of the revenue and compare with their competitors is about 3%-4% (Mcafee, Dessain SJoman, 2007). The Value Chain of Zara As mentioned before, a group of people called commercials and the operation process has three parts that are ordering, fulfillment, design and manufacture. Each process related with a main information system, the commercials will send 11,000 items a year to production epartment, and the department will send the finished product to the fulfillment. The fulfillment distributes the product to the stores and the stores also send back the unsold product. The suppliers provide material twice a week to the production department. Zara use PDAs and POS to connect each stores to La Coruna. These processes are all covered in the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM). An amazing pace of supply chain is the main factor for entire value chain (Mcafee, Dessain sjoman, 2007). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Zara utilize Enterprise Resource Planning to manage the entire IS work. Each store manager has a handheld device that PDA, this PDA collect all the information from the shoppers performance, and send it to the central database then send it to design group by the internal network. The designers will send the new product back to the IS and also manufacture department. Then the manufacture department will complete manufacture processes and set the price, then they will report it to the IS and fulfillment. The fulfillment distribute the finished products to each stores based on their demand. The distribute information also be collected by IS. The suppliers connect with IS and manufacture department (Mcafee, Dessain SJoman, 2007). The IS of Zara provide very enough resources for analysis. The stores managers has the most information, because they can directly send the customer feedback to the IS, and another point is stores managers decide the orders directly to the Zara headquarter, so the analysis will based on the different demand from different stores. On the other hand, the distribution center also provides helpful information for Zara because of their better Supply Chain Management (SCM). Therefore, the ERP ystem of Zara not only helps their business work more efficient, but also offers lots of valuable information for analysis. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Zara plays an amazing speed for their entire supply chain. Most of competitors such as HM and Gap, most of production processes of these firms are outsourcing in some low labor cost countries. Unlike these competitors, Zara owns mostly retailers around the world, and investing huge capitals to built their own factories (owns 22 factories so far) and logistics system. Actually, there are 80% of Zaras manufacture are working in the Spain where the headquarters of Zara, and 50% of these anufacture are owned by themselves. As motioned before, Intidex also owned a material supply company that called Comditel and provide 40% fabrics for Zara. Hence, Zara can control most of manufacture processes and make their operations are very flexibility (Venkatramanan, 2010). Two groups of commercials play important roles in the supply chain management, one is the design and manufacture and another is fulfillment. Buy the calculation, Zaras design group has 200 people and design about 1 ,OOO new styles every month, therefore, for one designer will create 60 new styles per year ana It Is 1-2 styles per week. I ne TulTlllment nas to matcn up a huge number of finished good and send to the right stores, so in their DCs have less labor working for match up, instead, more automation or computerization device will help them to finish these Jobs. Their optical reading devices can select and match up 60,000 items per hour, it makes Zaras fulfillment more efficient (Venkatramanan, 2010). After the orders arrived in the store, each of Zaras stores displays the new items at about one or two days. Two Spanish DCs will distribute the orders from stores in the Western Europe by truck. The stores where in the Latin will be distributed by their ocal smaller DCs. Some other stores are far from Spain will be distributed from Spanish DCs by air, such as Asia or North America. Any of Zaras DCs will not keep the product so long because they seek fast. Zara never forecast what is the next fashion, they Just find the ideas from fashion published area, then design it, produce it, and then deliver it to the customers (Mcafee, Dessain SJoman, 2007). Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Zara release new garment not only based on their big design group find the idea from fashion published areas, but also based on their customer thinking. The most mportant things for Zara are the communications and information technology. They always collect the customers idea and get to know what they need for the fashion product. Each store managers has a handheld device that is PDA. The store manages use PDA not only order the merchandise from headquarters, but they also collect the ideas or feedback from customers and send it to the database of headquarters. This is one of the most important daily Jobs for each stores managers. The huge information from customers make the design groups are able to create new styles based on these customers thinking (Venkatramanan, 2010). Zara and Peter Druckers theory IT is changing the current organizations and the processes of new organizations will be information based, and the new issues and concerns will be generated. Many areas of organization have been changing by IT, such as decision-making processes and communication area. The new structure of organization will has less management, which means one leader only and middle management divide by many groups and each group has more specialist. This is the main statement for Druckers theory (Drucker, 1988). Zara actually is following the Druckers theory and some of areas totally have been changed by IT. The senior manager is not the decision maker for new releasing, instead, the design group making decisions based on new fashion from world and customers thinking. The communication area of Zara is based on two devices that are PDA and POS. Each manager has a PDA to send the orders to headquarters, and the POS has the sales information for each store, and the senior managers of La Coruna are able to check this information at anytime. The whole control is wide because they can share the information. The information system of Zara is very important and has more availability, because the performance of each department is based on the IS. Their 11,000 new designs per year will not exist without IS. Zara and Andrew McAfees theory The article covered two major statement, one is the new IT tools became basic infrastructure for new organizations, but he pointed out the new tools are not the main factor to help the organizations to generate competitive advantages, moreover, the organizations can found innovations from IT development is the key thing. Another point is that each organization needs to know how to transform the right to others, because somebody others may bring an amazing changing or benefit to the organization rather than only senior managers (McAfee BrynJolfsson, 2008). Zara is following this theory from McAfee that the IT support is the heart for them and it helped them has been become more and more successful. For Zara, investing in IT is not means buying any professional software from the market, instead of it, most of applications are written by the IT department. Salgado says that, who is the head of IT for Intitex hought that the commercial packages do not match the company business, because the company has the owe business model. The IT department covered three departments for Zara that are stores, logistics, and administration. There are 50 staffs working with Zaras IT department and only 1 person left (Mcafee, Dessain SJoman, 2007). Zara and Tony Heys Theory The article from Tony Hey says that in the big databases including helpful data, but some of data may not useful, so the people have to know how to select it from a huge number of data. Some of data may not useful right now but it may helpful by ombine with other data. People today are facing many problems that cannot solve with it. However, the solution may already be covered in the very big database. The only thing need to do is found the related data and mix it to found the answer, it also called data mining (Hey, 2010). Zara has a huge information system, and it cover many data either from internal or external. The internal data cover the sales revenue of each store, and the POS reports it from each store. These data can help the headquarters for analysis. The external data include both customers thinking from stores managers and new fashion from he world. The design group could select the valuable information from these two databases to help them to create new styles. Conclusion The fierce competitiveness still exist in the current apparel industry, Zara today actually own many competitive advantages due to high efficient of supply chain and successful marketing plan. Zara todays successful cannot working without the IT support, the entire IT system linking every department and working processes, it likes the heart of the Zara. The perfect IT supports guaranteed every part of Zaras business on track, and the more and more powerful databases help Zara to gain ore benefit in the future development. However, there is no one company can guarantee that the all departments or working processes are working perfectly and Zara also cover some issues. So the following content covered briefly recommendations. Recommendations One of the issues is that Zara has too much different products because Zara has new styles every day. They cannot guarantee that all the products are always popular with the customers. On the other hands, many of inferior goods may exist in the market. Again, high quantity may not bring the high quality, Zara had better to reduce the ew product release and guarantee that each product has a high quality. This will help Zara to lower the cost and maximize the profit. Another issue is about the high cost of the supply chain, because most of production is in-house manufacture for Zara. This results in the logistics more complete and higher cost. In other words, customers need to pay for this extra cost. Therefore, the prices will be very different for different countries. The data from Inditex shows that the price is 51% higher in other European countries such as United Kingdom, 109% higher in Americas, and in Japan even is 131% higher than the original price in Spain (Figure 1 provide more data for other countries) (Ghemawat Nueno, 2006). Hence, Zara should better outsourcing some of production line in other countries such as in the Asia or Americas. That not only can make logistics more efficient, but also can lower the labor cost for the manufacture. The more unique styles for the products can makes the brand more valuable and lower the cost of the supply chain can help them gain more profit. Therefore, Zara need to encourage the design group to create the product combine with the unique ashion styles and high quality. On the other hands, Zara should lower the cost of supply chain by extend the location of production line to other countries all over the world. These will help Zara to gain more market share from apparel industry. Appendix Figure 1: The price ofa T-shirt at Zara Source: Inditex, Adapted by the Author of Zara: Fast Fashion, from Harvard Business Review. December 21, 2006. References Chen, M. (2011). Business Strategy IT. California State University Channel Islands (CSUCI). Retrieved February 19, 2012, from: http://faculty. csuci. edu/minder. chen/MIS310/slide/Strategy. pt Drucker, P. F. (1988). The Coming of the New Organization. Harvard Business Review, 45-53. Ghemawat, P Nueno,J. L. (2006, December 21). Zara: Fast Fashion. Harvard Business Review, Y Guercini, S. Runfola, A. (2011). Sourcing Strategies in Clothing Retail Firms: Product Complexity Versus Overseas Supply Chain. Fashion networks. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from: http://2011. fashion-networks. com/images/article_pdf/4548. pdf Hey, T. (2010, November). Data Mining. Harvard Business Review, 56-63. Inditex, (2011). Store Around the World. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from: http://www. nditex. es/en/ who we are/stores Mbalib, (2011). Introduction of Zara. MBA Library. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from: http://wiki. mbalib. com/wiki/Zara Mcafee, A. , Dessain, V. SJoman, A. (2007, September 6). Zara IT for Fast Fashion. Harvard Business Review, 9-603-081. McAfee, A. Bryn]olfsson, E. (2008, July). Investing in IT that Makes a Competitive Difference. Harvard Business Review, 99-107. Porter, M. E. Millar, V. E. (1985). How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business Review, 149-174. Tiplady, R. (2006, April 4). Zara: Taking the Lead in Fast Fashion. Bloomberg Business week. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/apr2006/gb20060404 167078. ht m? chan=innovation_branding_brand+profiles Venkatramanan, K. (2009, August 31). Supply Chain Practices at Zara. From Institute of Management Technology (MT), Nagpur. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from: http:// www. scribd. com/doc/19488507/Supply-Chain-Practices-at-Zara 123 HelpMe. com. (2012). Zaras Business Model, Information and Communication Technologies, and Competitive Analysis. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from: http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=97642

Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia

Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia Introduction Nationalism means the identities that people have, which they view as distinguishing them uniquely as belonging to a particular nation. Thus, it covers one of the forms of patriotism. Several theories can be employed to provide an explanation of the origin of nationalism. The main ones are modernism and primordialist views.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modernism theory considers nationalism as a recent societal process, which demands societal structuring for it to develop. On the other hand, the primordialist â€Å"describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary behavior of humans to organize themselves into distinct groupings based on the affinity of birth† (Tamir 13). The paper uses the primordialist view. Based on the theory, nationalism may develop based on cultural artifacts de fining people living within a given nation and political-related experiences in a nation among other things. From this point of view, this paper discuses the rise and development of nationalism in East Asia based on historic political related experiences and cultural elements including religion and clothing. Japan and china are used as the main examples in this quest. Rise and Development of Nationalism in China and Japan Cultural elements may act as mechanisms that can help to instill the perception of nationalism among people living within a common geographical area. Theses artifacts may be depicted through clothing, language, and religion. With the onset of westernization, Chinese people encountered a dilemma whether to abandon their own clothing styles that defined their heritage and hence a sense of belonging as Chinese nationals or to adopt the rising western styles of dressing. This dilemma motivates Finnane to wonder what Chinese women deserve to wear for them to retain the symbol of nationalism (99). Given the history of China that is rich in customs, the question is significant since resistance to the degradation of nationalism depicted by dressing style was evident as from 1949 when Mao Zedong declined from wearing black leather shoes and a suit. According to Finnane, the head of state argued, â€Å"we Chinese have our own customs†¦why should we follow others† (99). This resistance was a replication of over half decade debates questioning the capacity of the western influences to impair the dressing codes of the Chinese people. Over that period, alterations of style were incredibly controversial. They attracted hefty public debates particularly when they involved the question of the women dress. The main interrogatives were whether the women dresses need to be long or short, tight or loose, or cover the arms for them to depict Chinese national women.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fi rst paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the reign of Mao, the question on what Chinese people wore attracted superficial analysis. However, dressing styles and the type of clothes that were won by Chinese people acted as wonderful mechanisms of differentiating between China and the rest of the nations in the world. In this line of thought, Finnane reinforces, â€Å"For politically correct Chinese people, clothing at that time differentiated the socialist elect from the rest†¦for outsiders, it was the single most obvious feature about contemporary Chinese culture† (100). Clothes were depictive of Chinese culture and hence a symbol of Chinese people. Even though much of the concerns about the alteration of the dressing to have the capacity to erode the culture of the Chinese people concerned what women wore in the ninetieth century, the link between nationalism and the clothing was not only a problem of women: men were also equally worried. This argument i s strengthened by the Mao Zedong’s rejection to wear a suit associated with the western culture. Outside the Chinese context, clothing remains an important symbol of nationalism in other nations in the East Asia. For instance, in India, cladding in ‘sari’ represents a sovereign Indian woman because â€Å"the fertile ground for production of future generations both past and future-were embodied in her,† (Finnane 102). On the other hand, in Japan, a woman dressed in ‘kimono’ profiles an ideal sovereign Japanese woman. From these examples, it sounds essential to infer that the perception of nationalism among people cannot be segregated from the cladding codes acceptable as representing the true national of a given nation because cultural artifacts are depictive of cultural differences among people who are often confined within different national boundaries. Apart from the rise and development of nationalism from the context of dressing style, rel igion is yet another crucial cultural artifact that may help to build the perception of nationalism among different people living in different nations. For instance, in Japan, subscription to Shinto is perhaps an essential way of portraying ones strongly grounded spirit of nationalism. Shinto assumed its shape upon the arrival of Buddhism. This was vital in helping to differentiate the new religion to the indigenous religion in Japan that was the representation of the ‘Japanese’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Development of Nationalism in East Asia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Okuyama strengthens this point by further asserting, â€Å"Some 100,000 shrines of jinja served by Shinto priests attest to its physical presence nationwide† (94). Shinto defines the religious practices of the indigenous native Japanese to mean ‘the ways of ‘kami’ as opposed to ‘the w ays of Buddha’. Therefore, since the introduction of Buddhism in the 16th century, Shinto practices became definitive of the true Japanese nationalism. However, it is also crucial to note that Japanese people consider traditional customs as defining nationalism in spite of â€Å"whether they are Shinto or not† (Okuyama 97). The question that emerges is- to what extent do Japanese people perceive Shinto as a true representation of nationalism? The response to the above question is perhaps well answered by considering the significance of Shinto shrines among all citizens of Japan including the nobles. In this regard, Okuyama reckons, â€Å"since he became the prime minister, Koizumi Jun’ichiro visited Yasukuni Shrine four times: 13 August 2001, 21 April 2002, 14 January 2003, and 1 January 2004† (106). Nevertheless, even though this may be anticipated to be acceptable within the understanding of the traditional customs of Japanese people, the visits attract ed opposition. Consequently, about seven lawsuits ensued as a result. Nevertheless, Koizumi remained confident that the visits were necessary for a number of reasons. In the first place, the shrines served to portray his nationalism since they formed the places where he renewed vows never to take part in wars. Secondly, â€Å"he visited Yasukuni shrines to express relevance and gratitude to all the war dead despite the fact that these include class A war criminal† (Okuyama 106). Arguably, from this cited reason of why Koizumi visited the shrine, it is questionable whether the shines are the best places to show ones patriotism. However, it is evident that Japanese people have a strong prescription to traditional religious beliefs as the main ways of portraying sincerity in ones commitments to the Japanese people and the nation as a whole. The analysis of Shintoism as one of the theories of development of nationalism in Japan cannot be accomplished without considering the philo sophers’ attempts to ensure the national beliefs were revived and purified.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The idea was to enhance the removal of all foreign ideas that were imported from various nations including China and India. The Shintoism restoration movement began in the 18th century with Motoori Noringa playing proactive roles. This campaign gave rise to the state Shinto with the emperor of Japan then claiming to be of Amaterasu decently. A certain representation that tends to link people together creates the spirit of nationalism. According to Wang, the identification may include â€Å"Chinas neo-neo-tribe and â€Å"Japanese shin shin jinrei† (547). To Wang, such a representation can be used to secure a market for a particular product because it has high likelihoods of securing an immense success when a product is marketed based on its capacity to create a sense of nationalism. For instance, Wang argues that the term bobo has the impact of bringing Chinese people together by creating messages of premium value (535). What this argument means is that the spirit of national ism can also be build by the products produced by nations. Therefore, consumption of such products helps to depict that one is truly a patriot of a given nation. Using the Wang’s analogy, the term bobo is related to being a Chinese and belonging to a bobo class. Subsequently, when a product is sold bearing the tag that it is principally made for the bobos, it means that buying this product will not only mean fitting into the bobo class. Besides, it will also depict one as a sovereign citizen of the nation where the bobos live! From a different dimension, nationalism may be built based on the experiences that people go through as a nation. Recollection of such experiences helps to remind one of the history encountered, which is definitive of why one is a nationalist of a given nation. This kind of nationalism is perhaps well exemplified by Japan through her Hiroshima trauma. Painful experiences are crucial reflections of what it takes to be a nationalist since they provide lin ks between different cultures (Caruth 3). Therefore, while Japan may be segregated based on different cultural affiliations, the Hiroshima experiences make Japanese people develop a sense of nationalism, which is critical in helping the nation to employ all strategies possible to ensure that such an experience would never reoccur. Therefore, the Hiroshima experience is one unifying experience that ensures all Japanese are united together amid their demographic differences (Wood 191). Arguably, this is crucial since nationalism is hard to thrive in an environment that is ruled by segregations. Conclusion Therefore, based on the expositions made in the paper, it is enough to declare nationalism a representation of people’s identities. The identities help in building the spirit of patriotism. Cultural elements show people’s identities and political experiences especially the ones that culminated into painful experiences. In this paper, nationalism has been explored throug h consideration of clothing as one of the ways of presentation of people’s cultural artifacts in the Chinese and Japanese contexts. The Hiroshima experience has also been considered as an example of painful experiences that has helped to shape the Japanese view of nationalism. Caruth, Cathy. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History, Baltimore: Johnhopkins University press, 1996. Print. Finnane, Antonia. â€Å"What Should Chinese Women Wear?† Modern China 22.2(1996): 99-131. Print. Okuyama, Michiaki. Historicizing Modern Shinto: A New Tradition of Yasukuni Shrine.  Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print. Tamir, Yael. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Print. Wang, Jing. â€Å"Bourgeois Bohemians in China? Neo-Tribes and the Urban Imaginary.† The China Quarterly 183.3(2005): 532-548. Print. Wood, Nancy. Vectors of Memory: Legacies of Trauma in Postwar Europe. New Jersey, NJ: Berg Publishers, 1999. Print.

Star Charts and Their Many Uses

Star Charts and Their Many Uses The night sky is a fascinating place to explore. Most backyard skygazers begin by stepping out each night and marveling at whatever appears overhead. In time, however, nearly everybody gets the urge to know about what theyre seeing.  Thats where sky charts come in handy.l Theyre like navigational charts, but for exploring the sky. They help observers identify stars and planets in their local skies. A  star chart  or a  stargazing app is one of the most important tools a skygazer can use.  They form the backbone of specialized astronomy apps, desktop programs, and are found in many astronomy books.   Charting the  Sky To get started with star charts, search out a location on  this handy Your sky page. It  lets observers select their location and get a real-time sky chart. The page can create charts for areas around the world, so its also useful for people planning trips who need to know what the skies will contain at their destination. For example, lets say someone lives in or near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They would scroll down to Fort Lauderdale on the list​ and click on it. It will automatically calculate the sky using the latitude and longitude of Fort Lauderdale as well as its time zone. Then, a sky chart will appear. If the background color is blue, it means the chart is showing the daytime sky.  If its a dark background, then the chart shows the night sky.   The beauty of these charts is that a user can click on any object or area in the chart to get a telescope view, a magnified view of that region. It should show any objects that are in that part of the sky. Labels such as NGC XXXX (where XXXX is a number) or Mx where x is also a number indicate deep-sky objects. Theyre probably galaxies or nebulae or star clusters. M numbers are part of Charles Messiers listing of faint fuzzy objects in the sky, and are worth checking out with a telescope. NGC objects are often galaxies. They may be accessible through a telescope, although many are fairly faint and hard to spot. Astronomers over the ages have collaborated on and created different lists of sky objects. The NGC and Messier lists are the best examples and are the most accessible to casual stargazers as well as advanced amateurs. Unless a stargazer is well-equipped to search out faint, dim, and distant objects, the advanced lists really arent of too much importance to backyard-type skygazers. Its best to stick with the really obvious bright objects for good stargazing results.Some of the better stargazing apps also allow a user to connect to a computerized telescope. The user inputs a target and the charting software directs the telescope to focus on the object. Some users then go on to photograph the object (if theyre so equipped), or simply gaze at it through the eyepiece. There is no limit to what a star chart can help an observer do.   The Ever-Changing Sky Its important to remember that the sky does change night after night. Its a slow change, but eventually, dedicated observers will notice that whats overhead in January is not visible in May or June. Constellations and stars that are high in the sky in the summertime are gone by mid-winter.  This happens throughout the year. Also, the sky seen from the northern hemisphere is not necessarily the same as what is seen from the southern hemisphere. There is some overlap, of course, but in general, stars and constellations visible from the northern parts of the planet arent always going to be seen in the south, and vice-versa.The planets slowly move across the sky as they trace their orbits around the Sun. The more distant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, stay around the same spot in the sky for a long time. The closer planets such as Venus, Mercury, and Mars, appear to move more quickly.   Star Charts and Learning the Sky A good star chart shows not only the brightest stars visible at a given location and time but also gives constellation names and will often contain some easy-to-find deep-sky objects. These are usually such things as the Orion Nebula, the Pleiades star cluster, the Milky Way galaxy that we see from inside, star clusters, and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy. Learning to read a chart enables skygazers to know exactly what theyre looking at, and leads them to explore for more celestial goodies.  Ã‚   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

What is the current social, economic and political status of women in Research Paper

What is the current social, economic and political status of women in Saudi Arabia What are the obstacles to true reform of womens rights in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example This essay discusses the social, economic, and political status of women in Saudi Arabia today. Women in Saudi Arabia are seriously underrepresented in important positions in both the private and public sectors. Possibly most evident, women experience discrimination in personal-status laws, which focus on features of family life such as marriage, inheritance, and child custody. Most Saudi laws proclaim that the husband is the head of the family, authorize the husband to control the decision of his wife about getting a paid job, and in certain instances openly instruct the wife to submit to her husband.ii However, major attempts have been initiated to advance women’s status over the recent years. Women have become more involved in business, education, and public life all over Saudi Arabia. The specific issues that have been of utmost concern to women in Saudi Arabia today relate to employment opportunities, access to health care and education, political rights, and legal protection. These issues have been the focus of almost all women and women’s movement in the region.iii For decades Saudi women have fought for equal opportunities. Today, they fight for their right to leave their houses without the supervision of a male kin and their right to work. The authority of the male relative guarantees the lack of freedom of Saudi women. A reform in women’s legal status is certainly the major change concerning women’s status in Saudi Arabia. The status of women is continuously advancing and in numerous universities the population of female students continuously grows. There are still a small number of women involved in paid employment, but those who are part of the labor force occupy very important positions and are willing and prepared to stand up for their careers, a characteristic highly valued by private organizations.iv Women are becoming more visible in new industries wherein they are now permitted to work; yet, poverty, homelessness, and